Glyphosphate: Glyphosphate is a chemical compound used as an active ingredient in many herbicides. It works by inhibiting an enzyme essential for plant growth, making it effective for weed control. Glyphosphate is commonly applied to crops such as wheat, soybean, and corn and can be found in food and water. Exposure to glyphosphate has been associated with potential health risks, and its presence in the body can provide insights into environmental and dietary effects.

Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It can infect both men and women and can cause serious, permanent damage to a woman's reproductive system, potentially leading to infertility. Chlamydia can also cause a potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy that occurs outside the womb)....

Pollen from ash trees, which is a common allergen during springtime. Can induce respiratory symptoms in allergic individuals.

Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is a hormone produced by the ovaries that reflects a woman's ovarian reserve, indicating the number of eggs remaining in her ovaries. It helps assess fertility potential and is often measured in reproductive medicine....

AHCY: Encodes the enzyme adenosylhomocysteinase, which plays a central role in the conversion of S-adenosylhomocysteine to homocysteine, a critical step in the body's methylation processes and detoxification....

Lenscale refers to microscopic particles of shed skin, hair, or feathers from animals, mainly pets like cats and dogs. These particles can become airborne, settle on furniture, bedding, or carpets, and trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Unlike larger clumps of fur, lenscale is extremely light and often invisible to the naked eye, making it a persistent allergen indoors even in clean environments. Allergic reactions to lenscale are caused by specific proteins found in the skin secretions or saliva of animals, which stick to these fine particles. Even without direct contact with animals, people can experience symptoms if they are exposed to contaminated environments.

Lamb's quarters (Chenopodium album) is a common wild plant found in many temperate regions around the world. While it is sometimes eaten as a leafy green in foraging and traditional cuisines, it is also known to produce airborne allergens. The plant releases fine, powdery pollen during the summer, which can become airborne and trigger allergic reactions such as hay fever, nasal congestion, and asthma symptoms in sensitive individuals. Due to its widespread presence and allergenic potential, lamb's quarters is frequently included in inhalant allergy testing panels.

False ragweed (Parthenium hysterophorus), also known as parthenium weed, is an invasive plant species native to the Americas but now found in many parts of the world. It belongs to the Asteraceae family and is a significant allergen due to its highly potent airborne pollen. The plant typically blooms in late summer and fall, releasing pollen that can cause allergic rhinitis, asthma, and contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals. Inhalant allergy tests often include false ragweed because of its growing prevalence and strong allergenic properties.

Cultivated oat grass (Avena sativa) is a common cereal crop grown extensively across temperate regions. Besides its agricultural uses, it is recognized as an airborne allergen. During its pollination period, oat grass releases pollen that can become airborne and inhaled, potentially causing allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Symptoms may include sneezing, nasal congestion, itchy eyes, and respiratory irritation. It is one of many grasses whose pollen can contribute to seasonal allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever.

Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) is a fast-growing perennial grass native to the Mediterranean region but now widespread in many parts of the world, especially in warm and temperate climates. It is considered both an agricultural weed and a significant source of airborne allergens. Its pollen is released during the warm months and can trigger allergic reactions in susceptible individuals, particularly those with seasonal allergic rhinitis or asthma. Johnson grass belongs to the Poaceae (grass) family, which includes many cross-reactive species.

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is a cool-season grass commonly used for lawns, pastures, and turf because of its fast growth and durability. It is part of the Poaceae family and is a well-known source of seasonal allergens. During its pollination period—usually late spring to early summer—it releases airborne pollen that can cause allergic reactions such as hay fever and asthma in sensitive individuals. The allergenic potential of perennial ryegrass makes it an important component in inhalant allergy testing panels.

25-hydroxy Vitamin D2 (25(OH)D2) is one of the two main forms of vitamin D measured in the blood, the other being 25-hydroxy Vitamin D3. While Vitamin D3 is typically produced in the skin through sunlight exposure and obtained from animal-based sources, Vitamin D2 comes from plant-based sources and supplements. 25(OH)D2 is converted in the liver from ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2) and indicates the body's intake of this form of the vitamin. It plays a role in calcium and phosphate metabolism, immune function, and overall bone health. Although Vitamin D2 is less potent and has a shorter half-life than Vitamin D3, both forms contribute to total vitamin D levels.

25-hydroxy Vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) is the primary circulating form of vitamin D in the human body and the most accurate marker for assessing vitamin D status. It is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to UVB radiation from sunlight and can also be obtained from dietary sources such as fatty fish, egg yolks, and fortified foods. Once produced or ingested, vitamin D3 is converted in the liver to 25(OH)D3, which is the major storage form of vitamin D. This form is essential for maintaining calcium and phosphate balance, supporting bone health, and modulating immune, endocrine, and neuromuscular functions.

Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid produced during the metabolism of methionine, an essential amino acid. It plays a key role in methylation, detoxification, and cardiovascular function. Elevated homocysteine levels have been linked to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, cognitive decline, and pregnancy complications. Imbalances may result from deficiencies in B vitamins (especially B6, B12, and folate), impaired methylation, or genetic variants such as MTHFR. Monitoring homocysteine levels can provide valuable insights into cardiovascular, neurological, and metabolic health.

Holotranscobalamin (holoTC), also known as active vitamin B12, is a form of vitamin B12 that is bound to transcobalamin, a transport protein in the blood. This combination is biologically significant because it is the only form of vitamin B12 that can be taken up by cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis, making it readily available for cellular processes. Measurement of holotranscobalamin levels is considered a more direct marker of the recent vitamin B12 status in the body than the total vitamin B12 test, as it represents the fraction of vitamin B12 that is actually available for cellular uptake and immediate use....

Desulfovibrio piger is a common sulfate-reducing bacterium (SRB) in the human gut microbiota. It reduces sulfate and other sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), a gas that in small amounts plays physiological roles but in excess can be toxic to intestinal cells. Elevated levels of D. piger have been linked to gastrointestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Its abundance may indicate increased sulfur intake through diet or an imbalanced microbial community that promotes sulfur metabolism.

Desulfomonas pigra is a species of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) found in anaerobic environments, including the human gut. It plays a role in sulfur metabolism by reducing sulfate to hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). While hydrogen sulfide is a naturally occurring compound in the colon, elevated levels produced by SRBs like D. pigra can disrupt intestinal barrier function and contribute to gastrointestinal inflammation or discomfort. Increased abundance of Desulfomonas pigra may indicate an overgrowth of sulfur-reducing microbes, potentially associated with diets high in sulfur-containing foods or imbalances in gut microbiota.

Bilophila wadsworthii is a gram-negative, anaerobic, sulfur-reducing bacterium commonly present in small amounts in the human gut. It can metabolize bile acids and reduce sulfur compounds to hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), a gas that, in excessive quantities, can be toxic to gut epithelial cells and disrupt intestinal integrity. Increased levels of Bilophila wadsworthii have been linked to inflammatory conditions like colitis and may signal a dysbiotic gut environment, particularly in response to high-fat or high-animal protein diets. This bacterium is considered a potential pathobiont due to its ability to trigger inflammation under certain circumstances.

Providencia spp. are gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family. They are typically not dominant members of the gut microbiome but can be present in small amounts. Some species, such as Providencia stuartii and Providencia rettgeri, are considered opportunistic pathogens and have been linked to urinary tract infections and gastrointestinal issues. Elevated levels in a stool sample may indicate microbial imbalance (dysbiosis) or an overgrowth of potentially harmful strains. Providencia species are also known for their ability to produce urease and contribute to ammonia production.

Morganella spp., most notably Morganella morganii, are gram-negative bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. They are considered opportunistic pathogens and are occasionally found in the human intestinal tract as part of the normal flora. However, elevated levels in stool may indicate dysbiosis or potential infection risk, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Morganella is also known for its production of biogenic amines, such as putrescine and cadaverine, which can contribute to gut and systemic symptoms. In clinical settings, Morganella morganii has been associated with urinary tract infections and other hospital-acquired infections.

Citrobacter spp. are a group of gram-negative bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. They are commonly found in soil, water, and the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. While some species are part of the normal gut flora in small amounts, elevated levels may indicate dysbiosis or overgrowth. Certain species, such as Citrobacter freundii, have been associated with gastrointestinal disturbances, urinary tract infections, and hospital-acquired infections in vulnerable individuals. In stool testing, the presence of Citrobacter may indicate microbial imbalance, immune stress, or prior antibiotic use.

Acinetobacter spp. are a group of gram-negative bacteria commonly found in soil, water, and occasionally in the human gut. Although not typically predominant in a healthy microbiome, certain strains can colonize the intestines, especially after antibiotic use or in hospital settings. Some species, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, are recognized for their antibiotic resistance and their role in infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. In stool analysis, the presence of Acinetobacter may indicate environmental exposure, microbial imbalance, or antibiotic-induced changes in gut flora.

Proteobacteria is a large phylum of gram-negative bacteria that includes both harmless commensals and potential pathogens. In the gut, a small amount of Proteobacteria can be normal, but elevated levels are often considered a marker of dysbiosis and inflammation. This group includes species such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Helicobacter, and Klebsiella, some of which are linked to gastrointestinal disorders, infections, and metabolic imbalances. An increased abundance of Proteobacteria may reflect microbial instability or a pro-inflammatory gut environment.

Fusobacterium is a genus of anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria naturally found in the human oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and sometimes in the vaginal flora. While some species may exist as part of a normal microbiome, Fusobacterium is also known for its association with inflammation and infection. High levels in the gut have been linked to conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer. Its presence is often considered a marker of microbial imbalance or pathogenic overgrowth, especially when found alongside symptoms like bloating or altered bowel habits.

Ruminococcus spp. are a group of anaerobic bacteria within the Firmicutes phylum, commonly found in the human gut microbiota. They play a significant role in fermenting complex carbohydrates and producing short-chain fatty acids like acetate and butyrate, which support gut health and energy metabolism. Ruminococcus species are considered important for maintaining a balanced gut environment, particularly because of their fiber-degrading abilities. Altered levels of Ruminococcus have been linked to digestive issues, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and metabolic disorders.

Roseburia spp. are beneficial, anaerobic bacteria belonging to the Firmicutes phylum and commonly found in the healthy human gut. These bacteria are recognized for their ability to produce butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that serves as a crucial energy source for colonocytes and helps reduce inflammation in the gut. A balanced level of Roseburia is often linked to better metabolic health, improved gut barrier function, and a lower risk of inflammatory disorders. Reduced levels have been associated with conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Eubacterium spp. are a diverse group of anaerobic bacteria found in the human gut, classified within the Firmicutes phylum. Many species within this genus play a beneficial role in maintaining gut health by producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly butyrate. These compounds help nourish colon cells, support immune function, and reduce inflammation. Some species may also be involved in bile acid metabolism and vitamin synthesis. An imbalance in Eubacterium populations may be associated with dysbiosis or chronic gastrointestinal conditions.

Coprococcus spp. are beneficial bacteria in the human gut microbiome, belonging to the Firmicutes phylum. These microbes are known for their ability to produce butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that supports gut barrier integrity, modulates inflammation, and promotes overall digestive health. Higher levels of Coprococcus are often associated with a well-balanced microbiome and improved mental well-being, as butyrate can also influence brain health through the gut-brain axis. Low levels may indicate poor fiber fermentation, gut dysbiosis, or inflammation. Their presence is generally considered a marker of a healthy, fiber-rich diet.

Butyrivibrio spp. are beneficial gut bacteria known for producing butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that plays a key role in maintaining intestinal health. Butyrate supports the integrity of the gut lining, reduces inflammation, and serves as a primary energy source for colon cells. The presence of Butyrivibrio is generally considered a positive indicator of a healthy microbiome. Low levels may suggest reduced butyrate production, which can be associated with intestinal inflammation or dysbiosis. These bacteria thrive on dietary fiber and are part of the Firmicutes phylum.

Firmicutes is one of the major bacterial phyla in the human gut microbiome, comprising many species involved in extracting energy from food. These bacteria efficiently break down complex carbohydrates and produce short-chain fatty acids, which can support gut and metabolic health. However, a disproportionately high ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes has been linked in some studies to obesity and metabolic disturbances. Therefore, the balance of Firmicutes is an important marker for assessing microbial diversity and potential metabolic tendencies. Individual health effects depend on overall composition and host factors.

Methanobrevibacter species are archaea—microorganisms distinct from bacteria—that mainly reside in the human gut. These microbes are recognized for producing methane gas as a byproduct of fermentation, particularly from hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Elevated levels of Methanobrevibacter spp. have been linked to slowed intestinal transit and symptoms such as constipation and bloating. Unlike many bacteria, archaea are not affected by standard antibiotics, making their overgrowth more challenging to manage. Their presence offers insight into the balance of microbial communities and gas production within the gut.

Candida lusitaniae is a less common yeast species that can be part of the normal flora in the human body but has been linked to opportunistic infections, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems. It is notable for its potential resistance to certain antifungal treatments, particularly amphotericin B. In stool analysis, the presence of C. lusitaniae may indicate fungal overgrowth or dysbiosis, especially when found in elevated amounts. Detecting it is important for evaluating gut microbial balance and guiding further clinical investigation if necessary.

Candida tropicalis is a yeast species that can exist as part of the normal human microbiota, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract and mucosal surfaces. It has a higher pathogenic potential compared to some other non-albicans Candida species and is commonly associated with systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals. In the gut, elevated levels of C. tropicalis may indicate fungal overgrowth, dysbiosis, or a weakened immune system. Its presence in stool testing can help identify imbalances in the gut mycobiome and potential sources of inflammation or infection.

Candida parapsilosis is a yeast species that may be part of the normal human microbiota, especially on the skin and in the gastrointestinal tract. While usually harmless in healthy individuals, it can become opportunistic and cause infections, particularly in hospitalized or immunocompromised patients. It is often linked to catheter-associated infections, wound infections, and sometimes gastrointestinal issues. Increased levels in stool may suggest an imbalance in the gut microbiome, recent antibiotic use, or weakened immune function. Tracking its presence can be important for evaluating fungal overgrowth or gut dysbiosis.

Candida glabrata is a species of yeast that naturally inhabits the human gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. While usually harmless in healthy individuals, it can become opportunistic in people with weakened immune systems, potentially leading to infections. Compared to other Candida species, C. glabrata is often more resistant to common antifungal medications. Its overgrowth in stool samples may signal microbial imbalance (dysbiosis), immune suppression, or prior antibiotic use. Tracking its levels can provide valuable insights into overall gut health and the risk of fungal overgrowth.

Candida krusei is a species of yeast that can be part of the gut mycobiome but is generally found in low numbers. It is known for its natural resistance to certain antifungal treatments, especially fluconazole, making its identification clinically important. An overgrowth of C. krusei may occur in individuals with disrupted gut flora, weakened immune systems, or high sugar consumption. Elevated levels in stool may indicate an imbalance in the microbial community or a yeast overgrowth condition that could contribute to digestive discomfort and systemic symptoms.

Candida dubliniensis is a yeast species closely related to Candida albicans and can be part of the normal microbial flora in the gastrointestinal tract. Under certain conditions, such as weakened immunity, dysbiosis, or high sugar intake, it can overgrow and contribute to fungal imbalance and gastrointestinal symptoms. It is less common than C. albicans but shares many similar characteristics, including its ability to form biofilms and cause mucosal infections. Measuring its levels in stool helps assess fungal overgrowth and the balance of the gut mycobiome.

Equol is a compound produced by gut bacteria during the metabolism of the soy isoflavone daidzein. It functions as a non-steroidal estrogen and may offer various health benefits, including antioxidant and hormone-balancing effects. However, only certain individuals have the specific gut bacteria capable of producing equol. Measuring equol in stool samples helps determine whether the gut microbiome can efficiently convert daidzein, providing insight into microbial diversity and function related to estrogen metabolism.

Phenols are organic compounds produced by gut bacteria during the fermentation of certain amino acids, especially tyrosine. Some phenols, like p-cresol, can be toxic at high concentrations and are linked to dysbiosis or imbalances in the gut microbiota. Elevated phenol levels in stool may indicate microbial activity that could strain the liver’s detoxification systems. Monitoring phenols helps evaluate how effectively the gut is managing protein breakdown and microbial fermentation.

Beta-glucuronidase is an enzyme produced by certain gut bacteria that can break the bond between glucuronic acid and various toxins, hormones, or drugs that the liver has prepared for elimination. Elevated beta-glucuronidase activity in stool may indicate a microbial imbalance and can interfere with detoxification by reactivating substances like estrogen and xenobiotics in the colon. This reactivation may contribute to systemic toxicity or hormonal imbalances. Measuring beta-glucuronidase in stool helps assess microbial metabolism and detoxification efficiency in the gut.

Secondary bile acids are produced in the colon through bacterial modification of primary bile acids originally made in the liver. While they contribute to digestion and microbial balance, high levels may indicate dysbiosis, excessive fat consumption, or disrupted bile acid metabolism. Certain secondary bile acids, such as deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA), have been linked to mucosal irritation, inflammation, and a heightened risk of colorectal conditions when levels remain elevated. Testing their presence in stool aids in evaluating gut microbial activity and bile detoxification.

Ammonia is a nitrogen-containing compound produced in the gut through the breakdown of proteins and amino acids by intestinal bacteria. In a healthy gut, most ammonia is either used by microbes or absorbed and detoxified by the liver. Elevated fecal ammonia levels may indicate excessive protein fermentation, gut dysbiosis, or an imbalance between beneficial and pathogenic bacteria. High levels can contribute to mucosal irritation, inflammation, and may compromise gut barrier function. Ammonia levels are a useful marker of microbial protein metabolism and intestinal health.

Indoxyl sulfate is a uremic toxin produced when gut bacteria break down the amino acid tryptophan into indole, which is then absorbed and transformed into indoxyl sulfate in the liver. While small amounts are typically eliminated through the kidneys, elevated levels may suggest impaired detoxification, dysbiosis, or kidney stress. Indoxyl sulfate has been associated with oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and vascular dysfunction—particularly in people with reduced kidney function. It acts as a marker of both microbial activity and the body’s capacity to process and remove metabolic waste.

Trimethylamine (TMA) is a metabolite produced by gut bacteria during the breakdown of choline, carnitine, and lecithin—nutrients commonly found in meat, eggs, and dairy. In the liver, TMA is converted into Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a compound that has been linked to cardiovascular risk in several studies. Elevated TMA/TMAO levels may indicate high microbial conversion activity in the gut, imbalanced microbiota, or a diet rich in animal-based products. While research is ongoing, high TMAO has been associated with inflammation and impaired cholesterol metabolism. Balanced gut flora and plant-forward diets may help maintain healthy TMAO levels.

Histamine-producing bacteria are gut microbes capable of converting the amino acid histidine into histamine, a biogenic amine that plays a central role in immune responses and allergic reactions. While histamine is a necessary signaling molecule, excess production in the gut can contribute to symptoms resembling allergies, such as rashes, headaches, or digestive discomfort. These bacteria may thrive in the presence of chronic stress, poor gut barrier function, or diets rich in histidine-containing foods. Elevated levels are associated with conditions like histamine intolerance or pseudoallergies. Maintaining a balanced microbiome and proper gut barrier integrity may help reduce histamine load from microbial sources.

Diversity refers to the range of bacterial species found in the gut microbiome. A higher microbial diversity is typically linked to better digestive health, immune function, and resilience against pathogens. Conversely, low diversity may be associated with inflammation, poor nutrient absorption, and various chronic health issues.

Rucola, also known as arugula or rocket lettuce, is a leafy green vegetable with a distinct peppery flavor, often used in salads, sandwiches, and as a garnish. However, some individuals may experience arugula intolerance, impacting their ability to consume arugula without discomfort....

Enterotypes are classifications of the human gut microbiome based on the dominant bacterial groups and their metabolic functions. There are three main enterotypes: Bacteroides-dominant (Type 1), Prevotella-dominant (Type 2), and Ruminococcus-dominant (Type 3). Each type has unique characteristics in how nutrients like fats, carbohydrates, and proteins are metabolized. For example, Prevotella (Type 2) is more efficient at carbohydrate utilization, especially in fiber-rich diets, but less capable of synthesizing certain vitamins. Your enterotype may influence nutrient absorption, gut health, and how your body responds to different types of diets.

The Dysbiosis Index is a metric used to evaluate the level of imbalance in the gut microbiome, indicating the presence and severity of dysbiosis. It measures changes in microbial diversity and composition compared to a healthy reference group. A higher index indicates more significant dysbiosis, which may be associated with health problems such as inflammation, digestive disorders, or metabolic conditions.

Swede (also called rutabaga or yellow turnip) is a root vegetable in the brassica family, closely related to cabbage and turnips. It has a round shape, yellowish flesh, and a slightly sweet, earthy flavor that softens when cooked. Swede is commonly used in soups, stews, mashes, or roasted as a hearty side dish. It’s especially popular in Northern European cooking and is a good source of fiber, vitamin C, and antioxidants. The vegetable is known for its durability and long shelf life, making it a staple in colder regions.

Caraway (Carum carvi) is a spice made from the dried seeds of a plant in the parsley family. It has a warm, slightly sweet flavor with hints of anise and is commonly used in breads, especially rye bread, as well as in sauerkraut, cheeses, and savory dishes. Caraway has been used for centuries in European, Middle Eastern, and North African cuisines. Beyond its culinary uses, it has a long history in traditional herbal medicine for digestive support. The seeds are small, crescent-shaped, and brown with ridged surfaces.

Rosemary, a fragrant and aromatic herb used to flavor a wide range of dishes, is known for its distinctive scent and flavor profile. However, some individuals may experience rosemary intolerance, impacting their ability to consume rosemary without discomfort....

Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is a small citrus fruit known for its sweet flavor, easy-to-peel skin, and bright orange color. Rich in vitamin C, antioxidants, and flavonoids, mandarins support immune health and help protect against oxidative stress. Because of their mild and pleasant taste, they are commonly eaten fresh or used in juices and desserts. However, some people may experience allergic reactions to citrus fruits, including mandarins.

Flaxseed intolerance is a condition where individuals experience difficulty digesting flaxseeds, small seeds known for their nutritional value and health benefits. This can lead to gastrointestinal discomfort. Flaxseed intolerance differs from a flaxseed allergy, which involves an immune system response and can cause more severe reactions. People with flaxseed intolerance typically experience digestive symptoms after consuming flaxseeds or foods containing them....

Aubergine intolerance, commonly known as eggplant intolerance in some regions, is a condition where individuals have difficulty digesting aubergine, leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. This differs from an aubergine allergy, which involves an immune system response and can cause more severe reactions. People with aubergine intolerance typically experience digestive symptoms after consuming aubergine....

Chamomile tea intolerance is a condition where individuals experience difficulty digesting chamomile tea, an herbal infusion made from dried chamomile flowers, leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. This differs from a chamomile tea allergy, which involves an immune system response and can cause more severe reactions. People with chamomile tea intolerance typically experience digestive symptoms after consuming chamomile tea....

Trimethylamine (TMA) is a volatile organic compound produced in the gut through bacterial fermentation of dietary nutrients such as choline, L-carnitine, and lecithin. Normally, TMA is quickly converted in the liver to trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which is less toxic. However, elevated TMA levels can indicate imbalances in the gut microbiome or reduced liver detoxification capacity. High TMA is also linked to trimethylaminuria, a rare metabolic disorder that causes a strong body odor. Monitoring TMA offers insights into gut microbial activity, protein metabolism, and liver function.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a compound produced in the liver from trimethylamine (TMA), which is generated by gut bacteria during the digestion of nutrients like choline, L-carnitine, and phosphatidylcholine. Elevated levels of TMAO have been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, kidney dysfunction, and inflammation. TMAO serves as a valuable marker for assessing metabolic health and the impact of gut microbiota on systemic disease risk. Lifestyle and diet, especially red meat and eggs, can significantly influence TMAO levels. Monitoring TMAO may help identify hidden risks even when other conventional markers appear normal.

Neopterin is a molecule produced by immune cells, especially macrophages, in response to stimulation by interferon-gamma. It serves as a marker of immune system activation and inflammation. Elevated neopterin levels in urine or blood can indicate increased immune activity, commonly seen in infections, autoimmune diseases, or chronic inflammatory conditions. Since it reflects the cellular immune response, neopterin is sometimes used to track disease progression or the status of the immune system.

TCN1 encodes the protein haptocorrin, also known as transcobalamin I, which binds vitamin B12 (cobalamin) in saliva and protects it from degradation in the acidic environment of the stomach. This initial binding allows B12 to reach the small intestine, where it is then transferred to intrinsic factor for absorption. Variants in the TCN1 gene may affect the stability or availability of B12 in the digestive tract, potentially contributing to suboptimal B12 status. Although not directly involved in cellular B12 transport like TCN2, TCN1 plays a critical early role in vitamin B12 processing.

The SLC19A1 gene encodes reduced folate carrier 1 (RFC1), a key transporter responsible for moving folate and its derivatives into cells. This transport system is essential for cellular uptake of folate, which is required for DNA synthesis, repair, methylation processes, and red blood cell formation. Variants in this gene may impair folate transport, potentially causing reduced intracellular folate levels even when dietary intake is sufficient. Such dysfunctions have been associated with developmental issues, fatigue, cognitive problems, and elevated homocysteine levels.

The PDXK gene codes for the enzyme pyridoxal kinase, which is crucial for converting vitamin B6 into its active form, pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP). PLP acts as a coenzyme in over 100 enzymatic processes, many of which play roles in amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter production, and energy generation. Variations in the PDXK gene can disrupt this conversion, potentially causing a functional vitamin B6 deficiency even when vitamin B6 intake is adequate. Altered PLP levels have been associated with neurological symptoms, fatigue, and mood changes.

The MTHFD1L gene encodes a mitochondrial enzyme involved in the folate cycle and one-carbon metabolism, specifically in converting formate to 10-formyl-THF. This process supports purine synthesis and methylation reactions, which are essential for DNA and RNA production and cellular repair. Genetic variations in MTHFD1L can impact mitochondrial folate metabolism and have been linked to a higher risk of neural tube defects, cardiovascular problems, and impaired methylation. It functions complementarily to the cytosolic MTHFD1 gene but operates within the mitochondria.

The TYMS gene encodes thymidylate synthase, a crucial enzyme involved in the production of thymidine, one of the four nucleotides necessary for DNA replication and repair. This enzyme depends on active folate (5,10-methylene-THF) to function effectively, closely linking TYMS to folate metabolism. Variants in the TYMS gene can influence folate availability at the cellular level and may affect how the body responds to folate or folate-based treatments. These changes can contribute to disrupted DNA synthesis, increased risk of certain diseases, or varied responses to chemotherapy or supplementation.

The MTHFS gene encodes methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, an enzyme involved in folate metabolism. It plays a vital role in maintaining the pool of active folate derivatives used for methylation, DNA synthesis, and neurotransmitter production. MTHFS regulates the conversion of various folate forms and helps keep the balance of one-carbon units essential for cellular function. Variants in this gene may disrupt folate recycling, potentially affecting methylation pathways and contributing to problems such as impaired detoxification, fatigue, or mood imbalance.

The TCN2 gene encodes transcobalamin II, a protein responsible for transporting vitamin B12 (cobalamin) from the bloodstream into cells. Once vitamin B12 is absorbed in the gut, it must bind to transcobalamin to be delivered to tissues where it is used for DNA synthesis, red blood cell production, and neurological function. Genetic variations in TCN2 can decrease the efficiency of B12 transport, potentially leading to functional B12 deficiency even when blood levels appear normal. This may contribute to symptoms such as fatigue, cognitive changes, or elevated homocysteine.

Ureaplasma is a group of tiny bacteria commonly found in the urogenital tracts of both men and women. They are part of the normal genital flora but can cause infection under certain conditions. Ureaplasma species, particularly Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum, are associated with a range of conditions such as urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and infertility. They can also be sexually transmitted, though they are not always classified strictly as STIs....

The Potassium/Calcium ratio in whole blood is a valuable indicator for assessing mineral balance and cellular function. The relationship between these two minerals can reveal potential imbalances that may impact neuromuscular function, cardiovascular stability, or hormonal regulation. An altered ratio may result from diet, stress, kidney function, or adrenal activity. Tracking this ratio can help detect underlying problems even when individual mineral levels fall within normal ranges.

Flatworms and tapeworms are parasitic worms that can infect the human digestive tract, most commonly through the consumption of undercooked or contaminated meat. Tapeworms belong to the class Cestoda and can grow several meters long inside the intestines. Once inside the host, they attach to the intestinal wall and absorb nutrients, often leading to symptoms such as digestive issues, weight loss, or fatigue. In many cases, however, the infection can be asymptomatic and go undetected for long periods. Diagnosis typically involves stool sample analysis to detect eggs or worm segments.

Microsporidia are a group of microscopic, spore-forming parasites that primarily infect the intestinal tract but can also affect the eyes, muscles, and other organs, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems. These organisms are classified as fungi or fungus-like and are known to cause a condition called microsporidiosis. Transmission typically occurs through ingestion of contaminated food or water, or contact with infected animals or surfaces. Symptoms can include chronic diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, and abdominal discomfort.

Tapeworms are intestinal parasites that can affect humans and animals. These worms are flat, segmented, and can become quite long. They usually enter the body through the consumption of contaminated food or water. Tapeworm infections might not always cause symptoms, but when they do, they can include abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and weight loss....

Threadworms, or Strongyloides stercoralis, are tiny intestinal worms causing strongyloidiasis. This condition can be asymptomatic or cause a range of symptoms from abdominal pain and diarrhea to severe complications like malabsorption. Transmission occurs when skin contacts contaminated soil. Threadworms are unique for their ability to reproduce inside the host, potentially causing long-lasting infections....

New World hookworms, also known as Necator americanus, are a type of hookworm prevalent in the Americas. These parasites latch onto the intestinal walls of their hosts, leading to chronic blood loss, anemia, and protein deficiency. The larvae penetrate the skin from contaminated soil, making those in contact with such environments vulnerable to infection....

Pinworms, also known as threadworms or Oxyuris, are common intestinal parasites, particularly among children. These tiny, white worms cause an itchy anus, disturbed sleep, and irritability due to their nocturnal egg-laying habits. Transmission occurs via the fecal-oral route, often through ingesting microscopic eggs on contaminated surfaces, hands, or food....

Free Cortisol refers to the unbound, biologically active form of cortisol circulating in the body. Unlike total cortisol, which includes both bound and unbound hormone, free cortisol represents the fraction that is available to tissues and can directly influence stress response, metabolism, immune function, and energy levels. Measuring free cortisol provides a more accurate reflection of how the body is responding to physical and emotional stress. It is commonly assessed in urine or saliva samples and is particularly relevant in evaluating adrenal function and circadian rhythm imbalances.

The Omega-6 / Omega-3 Ratio represents the balance between Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids in the diet. This ratio is crucial for health, as an imbalance, particularly a high Omega-6 to Omega-3 ratio, is associated with increased inflammation and risk of chronic diseases....

Blood group O has neither A nor B antigens on red blood cells but contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. Individuals with this blood type can donate red blood cells to anyone (universal donor) but can only receive blood from group O. Blood group O is the most common blood type in many populations. Because it lacks A and B antigens, it plays a crucial role in emergency transfusions.

Blood group AB has both A and B antigens on red blood cells and no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in the plasma. It is known as the universal recipient for red blood cell transfusions because individuals with this group can receive blood from all other groups. However, they can only donate blood to others with blood group AB. AB is the rarest of the four main blood groups. It is important to consider both ABO and Rh compatibility in transfusions.

Blood group B has B antigens on red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in the plasma. Individuals with this blood type can donate blood to those with blood group B or AB. They can receive blood from donors with blood group B or O. Blood group B is less common in certain areas. Compatibility is essential for safe transfusions.

Blood group A has A antigens on the surface of red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. Individuals with this blood group can donate blood to people with blood group A or AB. They can receive blood from group A or O donors. Group A is one of the most common blood types worldwide. Proper matching is essential to avoid transfusion reactions.

The Monkeypox virus A29L antigen is a surface protein linked to the monkeypox virus (Mpox), a zoonotic virus that can spread from animals to humans and between people. Detecting the A29L antigen in a sample signals an active infection, as antigens are usually present during the early symptomatic stage of the illness.

IgG antibodies are produced later in the immune response and usually indicate past exposure to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. They generally appear 2–3 weeks after the onset of infection and can remain detectable for months or even years. A positive IgG result does not necessarily mean there is an active infection but shows that the immune system has previously encountered the pathogen. When used alongside IgM testing, IgG helps distinguish between active, recent, and past infections.

IgM antibodies are the first type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an acute infection. When IgM against Mycoplasma pneumoniae is present, it typically indicates a recent or ongoing infection. These antibodies appear within 1–2 weeks of exposure and usually decline after a few months. Testing for IgM is useful in identifying the early phase of a Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, especially in symptomatic individuals.

Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) are a group of three essential amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These amino acids play crucial roles in muscle protein synthesis, energy production, and recovery, especially during physical activity. Measuring total BCAA levels in the blood provides insight into protein metabolism, nutritional status, and muscle health. Imbalances may be linked to poor dietary intake, metabolic dysfunction, or increased demand due to stress, illness, or intense training. BCAA levels are especially important for athletes, individuals experiencing fatigue, or those recovering from illness or muscle loss.

The Testosterone/Cortisol ratio reflects the balance between anabolic (building) and catabolic (breaking down) processes in the body. Testosterone supports muscle growth, energy, and recovery, while cortisol is a stress hormone that can promote tissue breakdown when chronically elevated. A healthy ratio may indicate good resilience, recovery capacity, and hormonal balance, whereas a low ratio may suggest high stress load, overtraining, or hormonal imbalance. This marker is particularly relevant for athletes, individuals under chronic stress, or those with fatigue-related symptoms. It helps provide context to both testosterone and cortisol values when interpreted together.

Microplastic particles refer to tiny fragments of plastic, typically less than 5 millimeters in size, with this test specifically focusing on particles smaller than 30 micrometers. These particles can originate from a wide range of sources, including food packaging, textiles, cosmetics, personal care products, and environmental pollution. Once ingested or inhaled, microplastics may enter the bloodstream and circulate in the body.

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance found in all cells of the body. It is essential for making hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help you digest foods. Your body makes all the cholesterol it needs, but it's also found in foods from animal sources, such as meat and dairy products. There are two main types of cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein (LDL), often called "bad" cholesterol because high levels can lead to plaque buildup in arteries, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), known as "good" cholesterol because it helps remove other forms of cholesterol from your bloodstream....

Yolk intolerance, specifically concerning egg yolks, is a condition where individuals have difficulty digesting egg yolks, leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. This intolerance is distinct from an egg allergy, which involves an immune system response to egg proteins and can cause more severe reactions. Yolk intolerance typically results in digestive symptoms following the consumption of egg yolks....

Free testosterone refers to the fraction of testosterone in the bloodstream that is not bound to proteins like sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) or albumin. Unlike bound testosterone, free testosterone is biologically active and readily available to interact with cells, making it a key indicator of hormonal activity in the body. It plays a vital role in regulating libido, energy levels, muscle strength, and mood in both men and women.

HPV (Human Papillomavirus): HPV is a group of over 200 viruses, with some types being sexually transmitted and linked to health issues like genital warts and cancers, particularly cervical cancer. The high-risk types, especially HPV-16 and HPV-18, are strongly associated with cancers of the cervix, throat, anus, and penis. While most HPV infections are asymptomatic and resolve on their own, persistent infections can lead to cancer. Vaccination is available to protect against the most dangerous strains, and regular screening is important for early detection and prevention.

Anti-deamidated gliadin antibodies (anti-DGP) are immune proteins produced in response to deamidated fragments of gliadin, a component of gluten. These antibodies, especially when both IgA and IgG subtypes are measured, provide high sensitivity and specificity for detecting celiac disease. Elevated levels indicate an immune response to gluten, often before intestinal damage becomes apparent. Testing for anti-DGP is particularly useful in individuals with suspected celiac disease, including those who have been on a gluten-free diet for a short time. Measuring both IgA and IgG allows for better detection across different immune profiles.

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, commonly known as the European house dust mite, is a prevalent source of indoor allergies. These microscopic creatures thrive in warm, humid environments and feed on organic matter like flakes of shed human skin. Their waste products and body fragments can trigger allergic reactions and asthma in sensitive individuals....

The quantitative determination of nitrogen is a laboratory test primarily used to assess protein digestion and absorption by measuring nitrogen levels in bodily excretions, usually urine or feces. This test is instrumental in evaluating nutritional status, particularly in clinical settings where protein-energy malnutrition or imbalances might be a concern. It serves as a key indicator of metabolic functions related to protein turnover. The test can help diagnose conditions that affect protein metabolism, such as kidney disease, malabsorption syndromes, and certain metabolic disorders....

Maple leaf sycamore, also known as sycamore maple, is a significant source of springtime allergies. Its pollen can irritate those with sensitivities, leading to seasonal allergic rhinitis. Symptoms often flare up on sunny, breezy days when pollen is most abundant in the air....

APEH (Acylaminoacyl-Peptide Hydrolase): APEH is an enzyme that degrades acetylated peptides, playing a role in protein turnover and degradation. It's involved in the processing of damaged or misfolded proteins, thereby maintaining protein homeostasis. Dysfunctions in APEH have implications in neurodegenerative diseases and in the response to oxidative stress....

Tryptophan supports sleep and mood. This essential amino acid helps make serotonin, which affects sleep and emotions. Found in turkey, chicken, milk, and nuts, tryptophan is key for relaxation and sleep. It's important for mental health and regulating appetite....

Tyrosine boosts brain function and mood. This amino acid helps make neurotransmitters like dopamine, affecting mood and concentration. Found in cheese, soy products, fish, and poultry, tyrosine is key for mental alertness and emotional health. It's important for stress response and thyroid function....

Pollen from ribwort plantain, a type of plant that can trigger respiratory allergies, especially in summer.

NMRK1 (Nicotinamide Riboside Kinase 1): NMRK1 is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of nicotinamide riboside to nicotinamide mononucleotide, a key step in the NAD+ biosynthesis pathway. NAD+ is essential for energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular signaling. NMRK1's role in NAD+ biosynthesis makes it important for maintaining cellular energy balance and genomic stability, with implications for aging, metabolic disorders, and diseases associated with NAD+ depletion....

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is a critical Omega-3 fatty acid primarily found in fish and seafood. Known for its anti-inflammatory properties, EPA plays a vital role in cardiovascular health and is crucial for maintaining a healthy balance of bodily functions....