IDO (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) activity reflects the rate at which the amino acid tryptophan is converted into kynurenine. This pathway is regulated by immune and inflammatory signals, particularly cytokines such as interferon-γ. Increased IDO activity (low tryptophan/kynurenine ratio) may indicate immune activation, chronic inflammation, or oxidative stress. Balanced IDO activity suggests normal immune regulation and sufficient tryptophan availability for serotonin and melatonin synthesis.

Cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal glands and is commonly known as the “stress hormone.” It plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune response, blood pressure, and the body’s ability to handle physical and emotional stress. Cortisol follows a daily cycle, peaking early in the morning to help promote alertness and gradually decreasing throughout the day. Measuring total cortisol in the blood reflects the combined levels of free and protein-bound cortisol, offering insight into adrenal function and overall hormone balance. Abnormal cortisol levels may be linked to conditions such as adrenal insufficiency, Cushing’s syndrome, chronic stress, or metabolic disorders.

Transferrin is a blood protein responsible for binding and transporting iron throughout the body. It plays a key role in maintaining iron balance by delivering iron to tissues and storing excess iron in a safe form. Transferrin levels typically increase when iron stores are low and decrease when iron stores are high or in cases of chronic illness. Measuring transferrin provides important insights into iron metabolism and related disorders.

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found in the liver, heart, muscles, and other tissues. It is released into the bloodstream when cells are damaged, making it a useful marker for assessing liver injury and other tissue damage. Elevated AST levels are often seen in liver conditions such as hepatitis or fatty liver disease but can also indicate muscle injury or heart disease. AST is typically interpreted together with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) to better evaluate the type and extent of liver damage.

Trimethylamine (TMA) is a metabolite produced by gut bacteria during the breakdown of choline, carnitine, and lecithin—nutrients commonly found in meat, eggs, and dairy. In the liver, TMA is converted into Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a compound that has been linked to cardiovascular risk in several studies. Elevated TMA/TMAO levels may reflect high microbial conversion activity in the gut, imbalanced microbiota, or a diet rich in animal-based products. While research is ongoing, high TMAO has been associated with inflammation and impaired cholesterol metabolism. Balanced gut flora and plant-forward diets may help maintain healthy TMAO levels.

Blood group A has A antigens on the surface of red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. Individuals with this blood group can donate blood to people with blood group A or AB. They can receive blood from group A or O donors. Group A is one of the most common blood types worldwide. Proper matching is essential to avoid transfusion reactions.

Grapefruit intolerance is a condition where the body has trouble digesting grapefruit, a citrus fruit known for its tangy flavor and nutritional benefits. Unlike a grapefruit allergy, which causes an immune reaction, grapefruit intolerance usually results in digestive issues such as bloating, gas, or stomach pain after eating grapefruit or products that contain it.

Pollen from ribwort plantain, a type of plant that can trigger respiratory allergies, especially in summer.

Meat from young sheep, commonly eaten in various cuisines. It can cause allergic reactions in some people.

Dust mite allergen, which is a common indoor allergen causing respiratory issues and skin reactions.

Shellfish that is a common allergen, causing symptoms such as hives, swelling, and anaphylaxis.

CES1 (Carboxylesterase 1): CES1 is an enzyme that plays a role in metabolizing various drugs, such as clopidogrel, methylphenidate, and certain antiviral and chemotherapy medications. Genetic variations in CES1 can influence how drugs are activated and broken down, affecting both their therapeutic effects and the likelihood of side effects. Testing for CES1 can help tailor drug dosing and enhance treatment effectiveness.

CYP2C19 (Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily C Member 19): CYP2C19 is an enzyme that helps metabolize medications such as proton pump inhibitors, antidepressants, and clopidogrel. Genetic differences can affect enzyme activity, impacting drug effectiveness and the likelihood of side effects. Testing for CYP2C19 can assist in optimizing medication dosing and treatment decisions.

VKORC1 (Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex Subunit 1): VKORC1 is an enzyme that plays a role in recycling vitamin K, which is crucial for blood clotting. Genetic variations in VKORC1 affect sensitivity to vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin, influencing dosage needs and bleeding risk. Testing for VKORC1 can help customize anticoagulant therapy for safer and more effective treatment.

CYP3A4 (Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Subfamily A Member 4): CYP3A4 is a key enzyme in drug metabolism, responsible for the breakdown of a wide variety of medications, including statins, immunosuppressants, benzodiazepines, and certain chemotherapy agents. Genetic differences in CYP3A4 can impact how drugs are cleared from the body, influencing both effectiveness and the likelihood of side effects. Testing for CYP3A4 can assist in optimizing medication dosing for safer and more effective treatment.

CYP2B6 (Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily B Member 6): CYP2B6 is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of several drugs, including bupropion, efavirenz, methadone, and certain anesthetics. Genetic variations in CYP2B6 influence enzyme activity, affecting drug metabolism, efficacy, and the risk of side effects. Testing for CYP2B6 can help tailor medication dosing and minimize the risk of adverse reactions.

The potassium/sodium (K/Na) ratio is a measure that reflects the balance between two essential electrolytes in the body — potassium (K) and sodium (Na). Both play vital roles in maintaining nerve function, muscle contraction, hydration, and fluid balance.

The magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) ratio is a measure that reflects the balance between two essential minerals in the body—magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca). Both are vital for bone strength, muscle function, nerve signaling, and cardiovascular health. An imbalance in this ratio can affect bone density, heart rhythm, and overall neuromuscular function.

The copper/zinc (Cu/Zn) ratio is a measurement that indicates the balance between two essential trace minerals in the body—copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Both are vital for key physiological functions, including immune response, antioxidant protection, and enzyme activity. An imbalance in this ratio may indicate underlying health issues, with symptoms varying depending on whether there is a surplus or shortage of either mineral.

Noradrenaline, also known as norepinephrine, is a chemical that acts as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter in the body. It plays a crucial role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing alertness, arousal, and reaction time. Noradrenaline also aids in mood regulation and helps maintain blood pressure by constricting blood vessels.

The noradrenaline/adrenaline (NA/A) ratio is a measure that indicates the balance between two key stress hormones — noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline (epinephrine). Both hormones play essential roles in the body’s fight-or-flight response, affecting heart rate, blood pressure, and energy mobilization. This ratio can change in response to factors such as stress, physical activity, and overall health status.

Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a hormone and neurotransmitter released by the adrenal glands. It plays a vital role in the body's fight-or-flight response, preparing the body for quick action during stressful situations. Adrenaline increases heart rate, opens airways, and boosts energy availability, supporting rapid and effective survival reactions.

Influenza B is a type of influenza virus that contributes to seasonal flu outbreaks, primarily affecting humans. While usually less common than Influenza A, it can still cause significant illness, especially in children and young adults. Testing for Influenza B is important for accurate diagnosis, timely treatment, and effective prevention during flu season.

Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid that plays a vital role in supporting health, although it is less well-known than eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Primarily found in fish and seafood, DPA supports cardiovascular function, brain health, and overall wellness.

Emmentaler cheese intolerance is a condition that reflects difficulty digesting Emmentaler cheese — a traditional Swiss cheese known for its distinctive holes and mild, nutty flavor. Unlike an allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance usually causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, or discomfort after eating.

Horse meat intolerance is a condition marked by difficulty digesting horse meat, which is eaten in certain regions of the world. It usually causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, cramps, or discomfort. Unlike a horse meat allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance generally involves non-immune digestive reactions after consuming horse meat or products containing it.

FAM171A1 (Family With Sequence Similarity 171 Member A1) is a protein-coding gene that is currently not well characterized. It is believed to be involved in cellular processes such as protein interactions and signal transduction, although its precise roles in human health and disease are still being studied.

WSCD1 (WSC Domain Containing 1) is a gene with limited characterization in humans, but it is believed to play a role in cellular responses to environmental stress. Although its precise function is not fully understood, WSCD1 may be involved in mechanisms that support cellular adaptation and survival under stress-related conditions.

ATF7 (Activating Transcription Factor 7) is a gene that encodes a transcription factor involved in regulating cellular responses to stress. As part of the ATF/CREB family, it helps control gene expression related to apoptosis, development, and neuronal survival. ATF7 activity is important for maintaining cellular balance, and its dysregulation has been linked to stress-related conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.

Boron is a trace mineral that supports bone strength, cognitive function, and hormonal balance. It helps the body absorb magnesium and calcium, aiding in the prevention of osteoporosis. Boron also contributes to mental clarity and overall brain performance. Naturally found in foods such as apples, oranges, nuts, beans, and leafy greens, it is easily included in a healthy diet.

Sorbitol intolerance is a condition characterized by the body’s decreased ability to digest sorbitol—a sugar alcohol frequently used as a sweetener in diet and sugar-free products. This can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea, similar to those experienced with other food intolerances.

WNT7B (Wnt Family Member 7B) is a gene involved in the Wnt signaling pathway, which plays a key role in embryonic development, cell growth, and tissue regeneration. WNT7B helps regulate gene expression and cell behavior. Dysregulation of WNT7B signaling has been linked to developmental disorders, fibrosis, and cancer, highlighting its importance in cell proliferation and disease progression.

Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body that indicates the body’s transition to using fat as its main energy source. Produced by the liver from fatty acids during fasting, carbohydrate restriction, or intense exercise, BHB offers an alternative energy source—especially for the brain—when glucose is scarce. It serves as a key marker of ketosis, a metabolic state linked to fat metabolism.

FAM160A2 (Family with Sequence Similarity 160 Member A2) is a gene with currently limited characterized information. Although its exact biological function is still unknown, ongoing studies aim to reveal its role and potential importance in human health and disease.

BAIAP2L1 (Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1-associated protein 2-like 1) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in cellular structure and signaling. As a member of the I-BAR domain-containing protein family, BAIAP2L1 plays a key role in actin cytoskeleton remodeling, membrane shaping, and cell movement. Its I-BAR domain enables interaction with actin filaments and membrane phospholipids, contributing to the formation of dynamic structures like filopodia and lamellipodia.

Mercury is a naturally occurring heavy metal found in certain products such as thermometers and dental fillings. While low exposure is generally harmless, excessive levels can be toxic, affecting the nervous, digestive, and immune systems. High mercury exposure may cause symptoms like tremors, sleep disturbances, and cognitive impairment, and it poses significant environmental risks, particularly through water contamination.

Goose meat intolerance is a condition that occurs when the body struggles to digest goose meat, causing gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a goose meat allergy, which triggers an immune response and can lead to severe reactions, intolerance mainly causes digestive symptoms after eating goose meat or dishes that contain it.

Coriander seed intolerance is a condition that impairs the digestive system’s ability to process coriander seeds—the dried seeds of the coriander plant commonly used as a spice. It can cause symptoms such as bloating, gas, or stomach discomfort after eating. Unlike a coriander seed allergy, which triggers an immune response, this intolerance generally leads to non-immune, digestive-related reactions.

Influenza A is a primary virus type responsible for seasonal flu, a contagious respiratory illness. Testing for Influenza A is essential for accurate diagnosis, helping to differentiate it from other respiratory infections with similar symptoms. This differentiation aids in timely treatment decisions and guides preventive measures to limit transmission.

ATP1B2 (Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2) is a protein that functions as part of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump — a crucial enzyme complex responsible for maintaining the balance of sodium and potassium ions across cell membranes. This balance is essential for key physiological processes such as nerve signaling, muscle contraction, and regulation of cell volume. As a beta subunit, ATP1B2 supports the assembly, stability, and membrane localization of the pump through its interaction with the catalytic alpha subunit.

VIPR2 (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor 2) is a gene that encodes a receptor for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a neuropeptide involved in regulating smooth muscle relaxation, immune responses, and neurotransmission. This receptor is found on the surface of cells in various tissues and plays a crucial role in mediating VIP signaling pathways.

Free chlorine is a measure of the chlorine available in water for disinfection. It is a strong oxidizing agent that exists primarily as hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or hypochlorite ion (OCl⁻), depending on the water’s pH. Free chlorine plays a key role in killing harmful bacteria and viruses, helping to ensure water safety, but must be carefully controlled due to its high reactivity.

FHIT (Fragile Histidine Triad Diadenosine Triphosphatase) is a tumor suppressor gene involved in purine metabolism. It plays a crucial role in maintaining genomic stability, and its loss or alteration has been linked to various cancers, underscoring its significance in preventing tumor development.

Estrogen is a primary sex hormone found in both women and men, though at varying levels. In women, it supports the development and regulation of the reproductive system, menstrual cycle, and secondary sexual characteristics, while also affecting bone health, skin, and mood. In men, it contributes to libido, erectile function, and sperm production. It is primarily produced in the ovaries for women and the testes for men. Estrogen levels naturally fluctuate during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and menopause. Imbalances can lead to menstrual irregularities, mood changes, and other health issues.

Saturated fatty acids are a type of dietary fat commonly found in animal products and certain plant oils. They contain no double bonds in their structure, which makes them solid at room temperature. Their impact on health is multifaceted, with effects that can be beneficial or harmful depending on overall intake and dietary context.

Chanterelle intolerance is a condition characterized by difficulty digesting chanterelle mushrooms, a type of edible fungus known for their rich flavor and unique shape. Unlike a true allergy, which involves an immune response, chanterelle intolerance typically causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, or discomfort after eating.

The Omega-3 Index measures the proportion of the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA in red blood cell membranes. It is a key indicator of cardiovascular health and overall wellness, reflecting both dietary intake of omega-3s and their incorporation into cell structures.

Casein intolerance is a condition that occurs when the body has difficulty digesting casein — a protein found in milk and dairy products. Unlike a casein allergy, which triggers an immune response, casein intolerance primarily affects the digestive system, often causing symptoms such as bloating, gas, or abdominal discomfort after consuming dairy.

Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is a type of Omega-6 fatty acid found in certain plant-based oils, such as evening primrose and borage oil. Unlike most Omega-6 fatty acids, GLA has anti-inflammatory properties and may help manage conditions like eczema, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and arthritis.

Escherichia coli Biovare is a distinct subspecies of E. coli that is not usually abundant in a healthy human intestine. It includes various forms, such as hemolytic, mucoid, and lactose-negative types. Elevated levels—especially when accompanied by alkaline pH and low beneficial E. coli—may indicate weakened mucosal immunity, often associated with reduced secretory IgA production.

Nitrates (NO₃⁻) and nitrites (NO₂⁻) are nitrogen-oxygen compounds commonly found in water, either from natural sources or as a result of agricultural runoff and industrial activity. Both serve as indicators of water quality and, at elevated levels, can pose health risks, especially to vulnerable populations.

Common sole intolerance is a condition that affects the body’s ability to properly digest common sole, a type of flatfish frequently consumed as seafood. It typically causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, discomfort, or nausea after eating. Unlike a common sole allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance is related to digestion and usually results in milder, non-immune symptoms.

Green pea intolerance is a condition that reflects the body’s reduced ability to digest green peas efficiently. Unlike a green pea allergy, which triggers an immune system reaction and can cause severe responses, intolerance primarily leads to gastrointestinal discomfort. Common symptoms include bloating, gas, and abdominal pain after consuming green peas.

Carnitine is a naturally occurring compound that plays a vital role in energy metabolism. It transports long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria, where they are broken down to generate energy, and helps eliminate metabolic waste from cells. Although the body can produce carnitine in the liver and kidneys, it is also obtained from dietary sources, mainly animal-based foods.

WNT10A (Wnt Family Member 10A) is a gene that plays a crucial role in the Wnt signaling pathway, which is vital for regulating cell growth, development, and tissue formation. It is especially significant in the development of skin, hair, teeth, and bones. Variations or mutations in WNT10A have been associated with several developmental disorders affecting these structures.

Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis, an infection that can range from mild or asymptomatic to severe forms, including dysentery and liver abscesses. It is a major public health concern in areas with poor sanitation, especially in tropical and subtropical regions.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that colonizes the stomach lining and is known for its role in gastrointestinal disorders. It is commonly linked to peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, and an increased risk of stomach cancer. Its ability to survive in the stomach’s acidic environment makes it a significant factor in long-term digestive health.

DOK5 (Docking Protein 5) is a member of the DOK family of adaptor proteins that serve as substrates for receptor tyrosine kinases and facilitate intracellular signal transmission. It plays key roles in pathways regulating cell growth, differentiation, and survival. DOK5 is especially involved in neuronal development and has been associated with insulin signaling, making it important for both nervous system formation and metabolic regulation.

Glutamine is an amino acid that supports digestive health and boosts the immune system. It plays a vital role in maintaining intestinal function, aiding digestion, and facilitating muscle recovery. Commonly found in meats, eggs, and dairy products, glutamine is also used in supplements to enhance digestive health and immune support.

Lobster intolerance refers to a condition in which some people have trouble digesting lobster, a popular seafood known for its rich flavor and texture. This intolerance can lead to digestive discomfort and impact the ability to enjoy this shellfish.

C16ORF82 (Chromosome 16 Open Reading Frame 82), also known as FAM173B, is a gene that is still under investigation to determine its function. Early studies indicate it may be involved in mitochondrial processes, contributing to cellular energy metabolism. Due to this mitochondrial connection, it might play a role in conditions linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, although further research is necessary to clarify its precise function.

DGKB (Diacylglycerol Kinase Beta) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in lipid signaling by converting diacylglycerol into phosphatidic acid. It is involved in key cellular processes such as insulin sensitivity and neurotransmitter signaling. Alterations in DGKB function have been associated with metabolic disorders and are researched in connection with conditions like diabetes and obesity.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage and supports immune function. It also plays a key role in maintaining healthy skin and blood vessels. Vitamin E is commonly found in foods such as vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables. Although deficiency is uncommon, it can lead to neurological problems.

Dwarf tapeworms (Hymenolepis nana) are common parasites that infect humans, especially children. They are notable because they can complete their entire lifecycle within a single host, enabling direct transmission without requiring an intermediate host. Although infections often show no symptoms, they can cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in severe cases, weight loss and malnutrition.

SLCO1B1 (Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter Family Member 1B1): SLCO1B1 is a transporter protein that helps move drugs, including statins, into liver cells for metabolism. Genetic variations in SLCO1B1 can reduce transporter function, leading to higher drug levels in the blood and an increased risk of statin-induced muscle side effects. Testing SLCO1B1 can help guide statin selection and dosing to minimize adverse effects.

Strawberry allergy is a sensitivity to specific proteins found in strawberries. Although less common than many other food allergies, it can cause symptoms ranging from mild oral irritation to more severe systemic reactions. These symptoms may include itching, swelling, hives, or, in rare cases, severe allergic reactions.

WDR70 (WD Repeat Domain 70) is a gene that encodes a protein containing WD repeat domains, which help facilitate protein-protein interactions. This protein plays a role in important cellular processes such as cell cycle regulation and may also be involved in RNA processing. Although its precise functions are still under investigation, WDR70 is believed to contribute to cellular organization and overall cell function.

SPPL3 (Signal Peptide Peptidase-Like 3) is an enzyme belonging to the intramembrane-cleaving protease family that processes specific transmembrane proteins. By releasing intracellular domains from its substrates, SPPL3 affects cellular signaling and regulation. It plays a crucial role in immune system function, including B cell maturation, and has been associated with certain autoimmune diseases. Research on SPPL3 helps to uncover how intramembrane proteolysis influences human health and disease.

Arachidonic acid (AA) is a long-chain Omega-6 fatty acid that plays a crucial role in inflammation and cell signaling. Found in foods such as meat, eggs, and dairy, AA is essential for brain function, muscle growth, and overall health, exerting a complex influence on both normal physiology and disease processes.

Garlic intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest garlic. It differs from a garlic allergy, which causes an immune reaction and can lead to more serious symptoms. Garlic intolerance primarily results in digestive issues such as bloating, gas, or stomach discomfort after eating garlic.

Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential polyunsaturated Omega-6 fatty acid that plays a crucial role in the body’s functions. Found in many vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds, LA is important for maintaining healthy cell membranes and helps regulate inflammatory processes.

SIPA1L3 (Signal-Induced Proliferation-Associated 1 Like 3) is a gene involved in signal transduction and cell growth. It plays a key role in the nervous system by supporting synaptic function and neuronal communication. Alterations in SIPA1L3 may impact brain development and cognitive function, potentially contributing to neurological disorders.

FN3KRP (Fructosamine 3 Kinase-Related Protein) is a protein involved in fructosamine metabolism and may help regulate glucose levels in the body. It is related to the enzyme fructosamine 3 kinase and may influence glycation processes, which are linked to the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that affect diabetes and aging-related conditions.

ADAM10 (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 10) is a protein that serves as a transmembrane protease, playing a role in regulating cell adhesion, migration, and signaling. It operates by cleaving the extracellular portions of various cell surface proteins, including growth factors and receptors, impacting key pathways such as Notch and cadherin signaling. ADAM10 is essential for tissue development, cell communication, and nervous system function.

XKR6 (XK Related 6) is a gene that encodes a protein from the XK family, which may be involved in transmembrane transport. While its precise function is not yet fully understood, XKR6 might play a role in cellular processes important to human health.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that plays a key role in reproductive health for both men and women. In women, LH triggers ovulation and supports the menstrual cycle by stimulating progesterone production. In men, it promotes testosterone production in the testes. Maintaining balanced LH levels is important for proper hormonal regulation and reproductive function.

Pseudomonas in stool refers to the presence of bacteria from the Pseudomonas genus, most commonly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in the gastrointestinal tract. While it is not usually a common resident of the gut, it can cause infection or overgrowth, especially in people with weakened immune systems. Its detection may indicate an imbalance in the gut microbiota or an underlying condition, particularly if gastrointestinal symptoms are present.

ADAMTSL3 (ADAMTS-Like 3) is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the ADAMTS family, which is involved in organizing the extracellular matrix and regulating cell-matrix interactions. This protein plays a role in maintaining connective tissue structure and has been linked to lung and eye development, as well as certain connective tissue disorders.

SPATA32 (Spermatogenesis Associated 32) is a gene primarily expressed in the testis and is believed to play a role in the process of spermatogenesis. Although its exact function in male reproductive health and fertility is not yet fully understood, SPATA32 is considered significant for research in reproductive biology and fertility.

Cow’s milk reactions refer to various conditions triggered by consuming cow’s milk, including cow’s milk intolerance, cow’s milk allergy, and lactose intolerance. Cow’s milk intolerance involves difficulty digesting milk proteins, often leading to digestive discomfort. Cow’s milk allergy is an immune response that can cause more severe symptoms. Lactose intolerance is caused by the inability to digest lactose, the natural sugar found in milk. Each condition varies in cause, symptoms, and treatment.

Nicotinic acid (niacin or vitamin B3) is an essential nutrient that helps convert food into energy and supports healthy skin, nerve function, and digestion. It’s naturally found in foods like meat, fish, and grains, and can also be produced from the amino acid tryptophan. A deficiency in nicotinic acid can lead to pellagra, a condition characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia.

SLC16A9 (Solute Carrier Family 16 Member 9) is a gene that encodes a protein from the solute carrier family, which assists in transporting small molecules across cell membranes. Although its precise substrates and functions are still under investigation, SLC16A9 contributes to cellular transport processes.

Japanese hop (Humulus japonicus) is an invasive climbing vine that blooms in late summer, releasing pollen that can cause allergic reactions. This pollen significantly contributes to seasonal allergies, especially for those sensitive to it, with symptoms often becoming worse in urban areas where the plant is more common.

Corn intolerance is a digestive condition that indicates the body’s difficulty in digesting corn. Unlike a corn allergy, which is an immune system reaction causing more immediate and severe symptoms, corn intolerance mainly results in gastrointestinal issues and discomfort.

Thallium (Tl) is a heavy metal that presents significant health risks when exposed to it. It can lead to symptoms such as hair loss, nerve damage, and digestive problems. Common sources of thallium exposure include contaminated water, certain industrial processes, and its historical use in rat poison. Although its presence in consumer products has decreased, thallium still poses a hazard in industrial environments. While exposure to thallium is rare, it requires immediate medical attention to minimize health complications.

DEF8 (Differentially Expressed in FDCP 8 Homolog) is a gene involved in endocytic trafficking and cellular signaling. It acts as a scaffold protein, facilitating interactions between signaling molecules and endosomes—essential for proper receptor function and cell communication. Alterations in DEF8 activity have been associated with cancer and immune-related disorders.

ALCAM (Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule) is a protein that plays a vital role in cell-to-cell adhesion, allowing cells to interact, migrate, and locate specific sites in the body. It is involved in essential processes such as nerve development, immune system regulation, and tissue repair. Dysregulation of ALCAM has been associated with cancer metastasis, autoimmune diseases, and other pathological conditions.

Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animal and plant sources. As the most abundant saturated fat in the human body and diet, it plays important roles in energy storage and cellular function. However, excessive intake of palmitic acid has been linked to potential risks for heart health.

Wasp venom allergy is a condition that occurs when the body has an allergic reaction to a wasp sting. This allergy can cause symptoms ranging from localized pain and swelling to severe anaphylaxis. Unlike bee stings, wasp stings can be more dangerous because wasps can sting multiple times, increasing the risk of a serious allergic reaction.

Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid that is significantly more potent than morphine. It is mainly used to manage severe or chronic pain and is available in forms such as patches, lozenges, and injections. Due to its high potency, fentanyl carries a strong risk of addiction and overdose, even at low doses. It is also illegally manufactured and sometimes mixed with other drugs, increasing the risk of accidental overdoses.

Haddock intolerance is a condition that involves difficulty digesting haddock, a type of fish often enjoyed as a seafood delicacy. Unlike a haddock allergy, which triggers an immune response and more severe symptoms, haddock intolerance primarily causes digestive discomfort after eating haddock or dishes that contain it.

ZMYM6 (Zinc Finger MYM-Type Containing 6) is a gene that encodes a zinc finger protein potentially involved in transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling. It may play a role in controlling gene expression and has been studied in connection with blood-related cancers. Although its precise function in normal and disease conditions remains under investigation, ZMYM6 is considered important for genomic regulation processes.

DPYD (Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase): DPYD is an enzyme that breaks down fluoropyrimidine drugs such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and capecitabine, which are commonly used in cancer treatment. Genetic variations in DPYD can reduce the enzyme's activity, increasing the risk of severe toxicity, including bone marrow suppression and gastrointestinal side effects. Testing for DPYD helps identify individuals who may need dose adjustments or alternative treatments to enhance safety and effectiveness.

Green tea intolerance is a condition that describes an individual’s difficulty digesting green tea, a popular beverage known for its health benefits and antioxidant properties. Unlike a green tea allergy, which triggers an immune reaction and more severe symptoms, green tea intolerance primarily causes digestive discomfort and gastrointestinal issues after drinking it.

Manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient that supports several critical functions in the body, including bone formation, blood clotting, and reducing inflammation. It plays a key role in metabolism by aiding the digestion and conversion of nutrients into energy. Additionally, manganese helps strengthen the body’s antioxidant defenses. Good dietary sources of manganese include whole grains, nuts, leafy vegetables, and teas. Although uncommon, manganese deficiency can lead to bone abnormalities and delayed wound healing.

AHI1 (Abelson Helper Integration Site 1) is a gene involved in ciliogenesis and cellular signaling, essential for proper brain development and function. Mutations in AHI1 are linked to Joubert syndrome — a rare genetic disorder characterized by developmental delays, cerebellar malformations, and neurological impairments.

FRMD4B (FERM Domain Containing 4B) is a protein that connects the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton, supporting essential cellular processes such as signal transduction, cell shape, and migration. It helps regulate cell polarity, membrane organization, and the development of neuronal networks. Dysregulation of FRMD4B may play a role in neurological disorders.

Green olives intolerance is a condition that causes difficulty digesting green olives. Unlike a green olives allergy, which triggers an immune system response and can lead to severe reactions, intolerance primarily results in digestive discomfort. People with green olives intolerance often experience gastrointestinal symptoms after consuming green olives or foods that contain them.

Hematuria, or blood in the urine, is a finding that indicates the presence of red blood cells in the urine. It may be visible, giving the urine a pink, red, or cola-like color, or microscopic, detectable only through laboratory testing. This condition can result from a wide range of causes, from minor issues to serious underlying diseases.

Geotrichum candidum is a fungus commonly found in the environment, including soil, water, air, and certain foods. It is also a natural part of the human microbiota, typically residing in the gut and on the skin. While usually harmless, it can become opportunistic and cause infections in individuals with weakened immune systems.