PAX2 (Paired Box Gene 2): PAX2 is a critical transcription factor in the paired box gene family that plays a vital role in the development of the kidneys and urinary tract. It acts early in embryonic development to regulate tissue and organ formation, directing the growth of the renal system, eye, ear, and central nervous system. By controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, PAX2 contributes to the formation of key structures within these systems. Abnormal PAX2 expression or function has been linked to congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), as well as other developmental disorders.