Indoxyl sulfate
Indoxyl sulfate is a uremic toxin produced when gut bacteria break down the amino acid tryptophan into indole, which is then absorbed and transformed into indoxyl sulfate in the liver. While small amounts are typically eliminated through the kidneys, elevated levels may suggest impaired detoxification, dysbiosis, or kidney stress. Indoxyl sulfate has been associated with oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and vascular dysfunction—particularly in people with reduced kidney function. It acts as a marker of both microbial activity and the body’s capacity to process and remove metabolic waste.
Description
It is a compound produced from the bacterial breakdown of tryptophan in the gut. After absorption, it is processed in the liver and then eliminated by the kidneys.
High levels are deemed harmful because of their pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative effects, particularly on kidney and cardiovascular health.
Common causes include gut dysbiosis, protein-heavy diets, impaired liver sulfation pathways, and decreased kidney clearance.
Supporting gut health with prebiotics and probiotics, reducing protein overload, and enhancing liver and kidney detoxification can help lower levels.
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