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HHEX (Hematopoietically Expressed Homeobox): HHEX is a transcription factor that regulates genes involved in embryonic development and blood cell formation. It plays key roles in the development of the liver, thyroid, and pancreas, as well as in the differentiation of blood cells. Altered HHEX activity has been linked to developmental disorders and certain cancers, including leukemia.

HHEX

CCND3 (Cyclin D3): CCND3 is a protein that plays a crucial role in regulating the cell cycle, especially in the transition from the G1 phase to the S phase. Like CCND2, it is vital for proper cell division. Dysfunctions or abnormalities in CCND3 have been associated with various cancers, particularly lymphomas and leukemias.

CCND3

LCE3C (Late Cornified Envelope 3C): LCE3C is a gene that belongs to the late cornified envelope gene cluster, playing a role in forming the cornified envelope in the epidermis. This structure is essential for maintaining skin barrier function. Variations in LCE3C have been associated with skin conditions such as psoriasis, underscoring its importance in skin integrity and immune responses.

LCE3C

UCN3 (Urocortin 3) is a peptide hormone in the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family, primarily expressed in brain regions involved in stress regulation, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and brainstem. It acts as a neuromodulator, influencing stress and anxiety responses by binding to specific CRF receptors and modulating neuronal activity.

UCN3

SEC16B (SEC16 Homolog B): SEC16B is a gene involved in regulating protein trafficking within cells, particularly in the transport pathway from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. It plays a role in protein secretion and is important for cellular processes such as the ER stress response and protein quality control.

SEC16B

TAFA1 (TAFA Chemokine Like Family Member 1): TAFA1 is a small cytokine-like protein involved in immune regulation and neuronal communication. It belongs to a family of proteins that function as brain-specific chemokines or neurokines, playing key roles in the development and function of the nervous system.

TAFA1

ACKR1 (Atypical Chemokine Receptor 1): ACKR1 is a receptor that binds chemokines without initiating a signal, functioning as a decoy to regulate the immune response. Previously known as the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC), ACKR1 affects leukocyte migration by capturing chemokines. It also plays a crucial role in malaria resistance by acting as a receptor for Plasmodium vivax. Variations in ACKR1 can influence susceptibility to infections and autoimmune diseases, highlighting its significance in immunity and disease.

ACKR1

FBH1 (F-Box DNA Helicase 1): FBH1 is a gene that encodes a DNA helicase involved in DNA repair and replication. This enzyme plays a critical role in maintaining genomic stability and preventing the buildup of DNA damage. Dysfunction in FBH1 can lead to genomic instability, a common characteristic of cancer, underscoring its significance in cancer biology and the study of DNA repair mechanisms.

FBH1 (FBD4)

TEK (TEK receptor tyrosine kinase): TEK, also known as TIE2, is a receptor tyrosine kinase mainly found in endothelial cells. It plays a vital role in angiogenesis and maintaining the integrity of blood vessels. TEK signaling is crucial for vascular development and is involved in several vascular diseases, including venous malformations and angiosarcoma. Its function in angiogenesis also makes it a target for cancer treatment, particularly in tumors where new blood vessel formation is a key factor for growth and metastasis.

TRAPPC14 (Trafficking Protein Particle Complex 14): TRAPPC14 is a component of the TRAPP complex, which plays a crucial role in vesicular transport within cells. This protein helps regulate trafficking between membranous organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and endosomes. TRAPPC14 is part of the cellular machinery that ensures accurate delivery of cargo proteins and lipids across compartments, essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and function. Its role is especially important in protein secretion, membrane formation, and organelle integrity.

TRAPPC14

IFNK (Interferon kappa): IFNK is a cytokine in the interferon family that plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses, particularly in skin and mucosal immunity. It helps control inflammation and antiviral defenses by interacting with specific receptors on target cells. IFNK is primarily expressed in epithelial tissues, where it supports protection against viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens. It also contributes to tissue homeostasis and the regulation of epithelial cell growth and differentiation. Dysregulation of IFNK signaling has been associated with various immune-related conditions.

IFNK

TLR4 (Toll-Like Receptor 4): TLR4 is a gene that encodes a protein part of the toll-like receptor family, which is critical for the innate immune system. It detects bacterial lipopolysaccharides and plays a vital role in initiating immune responses against pathogens. Dysregulation of TLR4 has been linked to various diseases, including sepsis, atherosclerosis, and autoimmune disorders.

TLR4

SMARCA2 (SWI/SNF-Related, Matrix-Associated, Actin-Dependent Regulator of Chromatin, Subfamily A, Member 2): SMARCA2 is a gene that encodes a core component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. It plays a key role in regulating gene expression by modifying chromatin structure. Mutations in SMARCA2 are linked to disorders such as Nicolaides-Baraitser syndrome, which involves intellectual disability and sparse hair. Its function is essential for proper gene regulation and development.

SMARCA2

CAPS (Calcium-Activated Protease Substrate): CAPS is a protein that serves as a substrate for calcium-activated proteases, playing a crucial role in cellular processes regulated by intracellular calcium levels. It participates in cell migration, division, and apoptosis—essential functions for tissue development and repair. CAPS helps regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and cell adhesion, which are vital for maintaining cell structure and function. Its regulation through calcium signaling underscores its role in cellular homeostasis and responses to physiological and pathological conditions. Dysregulation of CAPS may contribute to various disease states.

CAPS

CDH23 (Cadherin-related 23): CDH23 encodes a protein that belongs to the cadherin superfamily, known for its role in cell-to-cell adhesion. CDH23 is especially crucial for the structure and function of hair cells in the inner ear, which are responsible for hearing and balance. Mutations in CDH23 are linked to Usher syndrome and non-syndromic hearing loss, underscoring its importance for sensory function. Research on CDH23 centers on understanding hearing mechanisms and developing treatments for related hearing impairments.

CDH23

ATP10B (ATPase Phospholipid Transporting 10B): ATP10B is a gene that encodes a protein from the P-type ATPase family, responsible for transporting lipids across cellular membranes. Although its exact functions are not completely understood, ATP10B may have a significant role in lipid metabolism and maintaining cellular homeostasis, with possible links to neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s.

ATP10B

NANOS1 (Nanos C2HC-Type Zinc Finger 1): NANOS1 is a protein that acts as a post-transcriptional regulator, playing a crucial role in germ cell development. It is vital for maintaining the viability of germ cells and has been associated with research on infertility and germ cell tumors.

NANOS1

PPA2 (Inorganic Pyrophosphatase 2): PPA2 is a gene that encodes an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) into inorganic phosphate (Pi). This activity is essential for cellular energy metabolism and nucleotide biosynthesis. Dysfunction in PPA2 may impact energy production and nucleotide metabolism.

PPA2

CNOT4 (CCR4-NOT Transcription Complex Subunit 4): CNOT4 is a part of the CCR4-NOT complex, which plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression through processes such as mRNA degradation and transcriptional regulation. This gene is involved in various cellular functions, including immune response and development. Dysregulation of CNOT4 has been associated with cancer and other diseases, highlighting its importance in gene regulation and disease.

CNOT4

AUTS2 (Activator Of Transcription And Developmental Regulator AUTS2): AUTS2 is a gene involved in neurodevelopment and associated with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. It plays a role in gene regulation and brain development, with mutations potentially impacting neural growth and function.

AUTS2

TAP2 (Transporter 2, ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily B Member): TAP2 is a gene that helps regulate antigen presentation in the immune system. It transports peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are loaded onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. This process is essential for adaptive immune responses.

TAP2

MAPRE1 (Microtubule-Associated Protein, RP/EB Family, Member 1): MAPRE1, also known as EB1, is a protein involved in stabilizing and regulating microtubules, which are essential components of the cell’s cytoskeleton. It plays a key role in cell division, chromosome segregation, and is important for neuronal development and cancer biology.

MAPRE1

MSTN (Myostatin): MSTN is a protein that acts as a negative regulator of muscle growth and development. Reducing or inhibiting myostatin activity can result in increased muscle mass and strength, making MSTN a primary focus in research aimed at enhancing muscle growth and treating muscle-wasting conditions.

MSTN

ARHGAP20 (Rho GTPase Activating Protein 20): ARHGAP20 is a gene involved in regulating Rho GTPases, which are key mediators of cytoskeletal dynamics, cell shape, movement, and growth. By promoting the inactivation of Rho GTPases, ARHGAP20 helps control cell migration and maintain cellular structure. Dysregulation of this signaling pathway may contribute to cancer progression, making ARHGAP20 a potential target for studying metastasis and developing anti-metastatic treatments.

ARHGAP20

PON2 (Paraoxonase 2): PON2 is a gene that encodes an enzyme in the paraoxonase family, which is involved in detoxification and antioxidant defense. This enzyme helps protect cells from oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, playing an important role in cardiovascular health and other conditions related to oxidative damage.

POM2

ATP8B2 (ATPase Phospholipid Transporting 8B2): ATP8B2 is a gene that encodes an ATPase enzyme responsible for transporting phospholipids across cell membranes. This process is crucial for maintaining membrane integrity and cellular homeostasis. ATP8B2 likely plays a role in regulating the lipid composition of cell membranes.

ATP8B2

ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme): ACE is a key enzyme in the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) that helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance. It converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor that influences blood vessel tone, electrolyte levels, and triggers aldosterone release. ACE also plays vital roles in heart function, kidney health, and inflammatory processes. Imbalances in ACE activity are associated with conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, and kidney disease.

NPSR1 (Neuropeptide S Receptor 1): NPSR1 is a gene that encodes a G protein-coupled receptor for neuropeptide S, which plays a role in regulating arousal, anxiety, and other behavioral responses. It has been studied for its involvement in sleep-wake cycles and its potential effects on psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and panic disorder. Variations in NPSR1 are also associated with susceptibility to asthma and other inflammatory diseases, underscoring its broader importance in health and disease.

NPSR1

FANCI (FA Complementation Group I): FANCI is a key protein in the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway, essential for DNA repair. It plays a crucial role in responding to DNA damage and maintaining genomic stability. Mutations in FANCI can result in Fanconi anemia, a disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, increased cancer risk, and developmental abnormalities.

FANCI

GALNT2 (Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2): GALNT2 is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in glycosylation, which adds N-acetylgalactosamine to proteins. This modification is essential for proper protein function and cellular communication. Variations in GALNT2 have been linked to lipid metabolism and are associated with blood lipid levels, affecting the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

GALNT2

NTN5 (Netrin 5): NTN5 is a member of the netrin family, which are essential proteins involved in neural development, particularly in guiding axon growth. Although NTN5’s role is less studied compared to other netrins, it is believed to play a significant role in nervous system development and may have implications in neurodegenerative diseases.

NTN5

CAV1 (Caveolin-1): CAV1 is a key structural protein of caveolae—small invaginations in the plasma membrane found in many vertebrate cells. It plays an important role in cellular processes such as signal transduction, lipid metabolism, and endocytosis. Acting as a scaffolding protein, CAV1 regulates multiple signaling pathways, including the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which is essential for maintaining vascular tone and blood flow. Changes in CAV1 expression or function have been linked to various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disorders.

CAV1

CPED1 (Cadherin Like And PC-Esterase Domain Containing 1): CPED1 is a protein involved in cell adhesion and signaling. Although its precise biological function is not fully understood, it may play a role in developmental processes and has been linked to differences in body mass index and adiposity.

CPED1

LRRC32 (Leucine Rich Repeat Containing 32): LRRC32, also known as GARP, is a protein involved in regulating immune responses, particularly within T regulatory cells. It plays a key role in maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune reactions.

LRRC32

NEDD4L (NEDD4 Like E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase): NEDD4L is a gene that plays a crucial role in regulating ion transport and cellular signaling pathways. It is particularly important in managing sodium and water balance, making it relevant to hypertension and cardiovascular health. Its role in maintaining homeostasis underscores its significance in various health conditions.

NEDD4L

PPARA (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha): PPARA is a nuclear receptor that regulates lipid metabolism, particularly in the liver. It plays a key role in breaking down fatty acids, promoting their oxidation, and reducing triglyceride levels. PPARA also affects inflammatory pathways and serves as a therapeutic target for managing hyperlipidemia.

PPARA

COL2A1 (Collagen Type II Alpha 1 Chain): COL2A1 is a gene that encodes type II collagen, a key structural protein primarily found in cartilage. This collagen is essential for maintaining the strength and integrity of cartilage. Mutations in COL2A1 are associated with several skeletal disorders, including osteoarthritis and various forms of chondrodysplasia.

COL2A1

TENT5A (Terminal Nucleotidyltransferase 5A): TENT5A is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of RNA molecules. It plays a role in RNA processing and modification. Although its specific functions are still being studied, TENT5A may influence important cellular processes.

TENT5A

GLP1R (Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor): GLP1R is a receptor for the hormone GLP-1, which plays a crucial role in regulating insulin secretion and glucose metabolism. When activated by GLP-1 or its analogs, GLP1R enhances insulin release, decreases glucagon secretion, and promotes feelings of fullness, making it a significant target in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.

GLP1R

NT5DC2 (5'-Nucleotidase Domain Containing 2): NT5DC2 is an enzyme that may be involved in nucleotide metabolism. While its specific biological functions are not fully characterized, enzymes in this family generally play important roles in purine and pyrimidine metabolism, which are essential for DNA and RNA synthesis, cellular signaling, and energy transfer.

NT5DC2

PRICKLE1 (Prickle Planar Cell Polarity Protein 1): PRICKLE1 is a gene involved in the planar cell polarity pathway, which coordinates the orientation of cells within tissue planes. It plays a key role in neural development and function. Mutations in PRICKLE1 have been associated with epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disorders.

PRICKLE1

ADRA2A (Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor 2A): ADRA2A is a G protein-coupled receptor that responds to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. It plays a key role in regulating blood pressure, controlling vasoconstriction, and mediating the body’s fight-or-flight response.

ADRA2A

TAFA3 (TAFA Chemokine Like Family Member 3): TAFA3 belongs to a family of proteins similar to chemokines, which are involved in immune responses and inflammation. Although its exact function is not fully understood, TAFA3 is thought to help regulate immune cell activity and may play a role in neuroinflammatory processes.

TAFA3

NEBL (Nebulette): NEBL is a gene that encodes a cardiac-specific actin-binding protein essential for the structural integrity and function of heart muscle cells. It plays a key role in organizing the actin cytoskeleton, which influences cardiac muscle contraction and overall heart performance. Mutations in NEBL have been linked to cardiomyopathies, highlighting its important role in maintaining cardiac muscle structure and function.

NEBL

CD151 (Cluster of Differentiation 151): CD151 is a cell surface protein that belongs to the tetraspanin family. It plays a key role in cell adhesion, migration, and signal transduction by interacting with other proteins on the cell membrane. Through these interactions, CD151 helps regulate cellular communication and movement.

CD151

CNDP1 (Carnosine Dipeptidase 1): CNDP1 is a gene that encodes an enzyme responsible for breaking down carnosine, a dipeptide with potential antioxidant properties. This enzyme plays an important role in metabolic processes and is particularly relevant in diabetes, where it may help protect against diabetic nephropathy. Understanding CNDP1 is key to developing strategies for preventing diabetic complications.

CNDP1

KDR: KDR (also known as VEGFR2) is a gene that plays a key role in angiogenesis—the formation of new blood vessels. It encodes a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is crucial for blood vessel growth, development, and repair. Changes in KDR can affect processes in cancer, where angiogenesis supports tumor growth, as well as in cardiovascular diseases.

IL1RL1 (Interleukin 1 Receptor Like 1): IL1RL1 is a receptor for interleukin-33 (IL-33), a cytokine involved in inflammation and allergic reactions. Also known as ST2, IL1RL1 mediates the effects of IL-33 within the immune system and plays a crucial role in conditions such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and other allergic diseases. Its role in the IL-33 signaling pathway makes it a promising target for therapies targeting allergic and inflammatory disorders.

IL1RL1

COPB1 (Coatomer Protein Complex Subunit Beta 1): COPB1 is a component of the coatomer protein complex involved in intracellular transport. It is essential for the movement of proteins between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, a process crucial for proper cell function and accurate protein sorting.

COPB1

PGLYRP2 (Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 2): PGLYRP2 is a member of the peptidoglycan recognition protein family involved in innate immunity by detecting bacterial cell wall components and triggering antibacterial responses. It helps maintain intestinal barrier integrity, supports a balanced gut microbiome, and protects against bacterial infections. PGLYRP2 is also being studied for its role in inflammatory bowel diseases and its potential as a therapeutic target in gut immunity and inflammation.

PGLYRP2

UBE3A (Ubiquitin Protein Ligase E3A): UBE3A is a gene that encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase enzyme, which helps regulate protein degradation through the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. It plays a crucial role in normal brain development and function. Mutations in UBE3A are associated with Angelman syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delays, and distinctive behavioral features.

UBE3A

RAB28 (Ras-Related Protein Rab-28): RAB28 is part of the RAB family of small GTPases, which are proteins that regulate intracellular vesicle trafficking. It plays a role in vesicle transport and membrane dynamics within the cell.

RAB28

CLDN11 (Claudin 11): CLDN11 is a protein that is part of tight junctions—structures essential for maintaining barrier integrity in tissues. It plays a crucial role in the central nervous system and testes, contributing to the formation of the myelin sheath and spermatogenesis. Mutations in CLDN11 can lead to neurological impairments and reproductive disorders.

CLDN11

IL16 (Interleukin 16): IL16 is a cytokine that serves as a chemoattractant for certain immune cells, aiding in the regulation of immune responses and inflammation. It is involved in cellular signaling pathways and has been associated with various inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.

IL16

OLFM3 (Olfactomedin 3): OLFM3 is a protein that belongs to the olfactomedin domain–containing family and is primarily expressed in the brain. It is believed to play a role in neural development and function, although its exact functions in the nervous system are still being studied.

OLFM3

GPD2 (Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase 2): GPD2 is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in glycerol metabolism and lipid biosynthesis. It catalyzes the conversion of glycerol-3-phosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a key step in lipid synthesis. This function is essential for maintaining energy storage and lipid balance in the body.

GPD2

OLIG1 (Oligodendrocyte Transcription Factor 1): OLIG1 is a transcription factor that regulates the development and maturation of oligodendrocytes—the cells responsible for producing myelin in the central nervous system. It plays a vital role in myelination, a process essential for efficient nerve signal transmission. Alterations or mutations in OLIG1 can disrupt myelin formation and are linked to demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis.

OLIG1

LRRC4 (Leucine Rich Repeat Containing 4): LRRC4 (Leucine Rich Repeat Containing 4) is a protein mainly expressed in the brain and involved in neural development. It plays a role in the formation and maintenance of the nervous system, as well as in neural cell adhesion and signaling. LRRC4 has been studied in connection with brain tumors, particularly gliomas, making it a key focus in neurobiology and cancer research.

LRRC4

GPR83 (G Protein-Coupled Receptor 83): GPR83 (G Protein-Coupled Receptor 83) is a receptor located in the brain that belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. It is involved in regulating appetite and maintaining energy balance, and has been researched for its role in feeding behavior and metabolic disorders.

GPR83

CAVIN1 (Caveolae Associated Protein 1): CAVIN1 is a crucial protein necessary for the formation and function of caveolae—small invaginations in the plasma membrane involved in processes like endocytosis and signal transduction. It supports lipid metabolism, endothelial health, and cellular mechanoprotection. Mutations in CAVIN1 are linked to conditions such as lipodystrophy and muscular dystrophies, highlighting its role in cell structure and metabolism.

CAVIN1

CRHR1 (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor 1): CRHR1 is a receptor for corticotropin-releasing hormone, a key regulator of the body’s stress response. It plays a central role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, influencing stress regulation, mood, and behavior. Dysregulation of CRHR1 has been linked to psychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety.

CRHR1

MLKL (Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like): MLKL is a protein that plays a central role in necroptosis, a regulated form of programmed cell death. It is involved in mediating inflammatory responses and has been linked to various conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic injury, and viral infections.

MLKL

CNOT2 (CCR4-NOT Transcription Complex Subunit 2): CNOT2 is a part of the CCR4-NOT complex, which regulates gene expression by managing mRNA turnover and degradation. It plays a role in various aspects of RNA metabolism and can influence important cellular processes such as development, differentiation, and stress response.

CNOT2

NBR1 (Neighbor Of BRCA1 Gene 1): NBR1 is a multifunctional autophagy receptor that regulates selective autophagy — the targeted breakdown and recycling of cellular components. It helps remove ubiquitinated protein aggregates and damaged organelles, supporting cellular balance and protection against stress. Its role in autophagy is closely linked to disease prevention, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and age-related conditions, emphasizing its importance in cellular health and longevity.

NBR1

SLC1A7 (Solute Carrier Family 1 Member 7): SLC1A7 is a high-affinity glutamate transporter that helps remove glutamate from the synaptic cleft. This process is crucial for preventing excitotoxicity — a damaging condition caused by excessive glutamate leading to neuronal injury. Although less studied than other glutamate transporters, SLC1A7 contributes to regulating glutamatergic signaling and may be significant in neurological disorders associated with impaired glutamate neurotransmission.

SLC1A7

COQ5 (Coenzyme Q5 Homolog, Methyltransferase): COQ5 (Coenzyme Q5 Homolog, Methyltransferase) is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q (CoQ), a vital molecule for mitochondrial energy production. It catalyzes a key methylation step in the CoQ pathway. Mutations in COQ5 can lead to CoQ deficiency, affecting mitochondrial function and contributing to disorders of energy metabolism.

COQ5

SYNDIG1 (Synapse Differentiation Inducing 1): SYNDIG1 is a protein involved in the formation and differentiation of synapses in the nervous system. It plays a key role in synaptic plasticity and neuronal communication, both essential for learning and memory.

SYNDIG1

GNB5 (G Protein Subunit Beta 5): GNB5 is a protein subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins, which mediate cellular responses to external signals via signal transduction pathways. It plays crucial roles in regulating heart rate, vision, and neurotransmission, functioning within both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Variants in GNB5 have been associated with arrhythmias and neurodevelopmental disorders, highlighting its importance in the study of signal transduction and related diseases.

GNB5

SPATA5 (Spermatogenesis-Associated 5) is a gene involved in spermatogenesis, the process of sperm development. It plays a crucial role in male fertility by supporting proper sperm formation. Mutations in SPATA5 have been linked to fertility issues and male infertility.

SPATA5

CADM1 (Cell Adhesion Molecule 1): CADM1 is a protein-coding gene that plays a crucial role in cell adhesion, a process vital for cellular communication and development. It is particularly important in the nervous system and immune response. Mutations in CADM1 have been associated with various cancers and neurological disorders, highlighting its importance in both normal physiology and disease.

CADM1

CRYBB2 (Crystallin Beta-B2): CRYBB2 is a protein that belongs to the crystallin family and is primarily located in the eye's lens. It is essential for maintaining the lens’s transparency and refractive properties. CRYBB2 supports the structural integrity of the lens and is vital for proper vision.

CRYBB2

GBE1 (Glycogen Branching Enzyme 1): GBE1 is an enzyme essential for glycogen synthesis, a critical process in energy metabolism. It helps form glycogen’s branched structure. Mutations in GBE1 can cause glycogen storage disease type IV, resulting in abnormal glycogen buildup in cells and impairing liver and muscle function.

GBE1

IKZF1 (IKAROS Family Zinc Finger 1): IKZF1 is a gene that encodes a zinc finger transcription factor crucial for the development and differentiation of immune cells, particularly B cells. Mutations in IKZF1 are common in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), highlighting its essential role in hematopoiesis and immune regulation. Its interactions with other genes and its function in maintaining immune balance make it a focal point of research in both immunology and oncology.

IKZF1

PIEZO1 (Piezo Type Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Component 1): PIEZO1 is a mechanically activated ion channel that senses physical forces such as pressure and stretch in tissues like blood vessels and the lungs. It plays a crucial role in vascular development, blood pressure regulation, and cell volume control. Variants of the PIEZO1 gene are linked to hereditary xerocytosis—a disorder characterized by dehydrated red blood cells—and other conditions that impact mechanosensation.

PIEZO1

PFKM (Phosphofructokinase, Muscle): PFKM is a gene that encodes an enzyme essential for glycolysis and glucose metabolism in muscle tissue. It plays a key role in producing energy during physical activity and muscle contraction, making it vital for optimal muscle performance and function.

PFKM

RAB1A (RAB1A, Member RAS Oncogene Family): RAB1A is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the RAB family of small GTPases, which regulate various aspects of vesicle trafficking. RAB1A specifically controls transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, playing a key role in maintaining efficient protein transport and processing within the cell.

RAB1A

HLA-DQA2 (Human Leukocyte Antigen DQ Alpha 2): HLA-DQA2 is a gene within the HLA complex that plays a key role in regulating the immune system through antigen presentation. It encodes an alpha chain that pairs with a beta chain to form the HLA-DQ molecule, which presents foreign antigens to T cells to initiate immune responses. Variations in HLA-DQA2 are associated with susceptibility to certain autoimmune diseases, underscoring its importance in immune tolerance and autoimmunity.

HLA-DQA2

ORMDL3 (ORMDL Sphingolipid Biosynthesis Regulator 3): ORMDL3 is a gene that controls the production of sphingolipids, essential components of cell membranes and signaling pathways. It helps regulate lipid balance within cells and affects inflammatory responses. Variations in ORMDL3 have been associated with an increased risk of asthma and allergic conditions, highlighting its role in immune regulation and inflammation.

ORMDL3

TMC5 (Transmembrane Channel Like 5): TMC5 is a protein that belongs to the TMC family, a group believed to function as ion channels or transporters. Although its exact role is not yet fully understood, TMC5 may be involved in sensory perception or in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Ongoing research aims to clarify its function and potential importance in health and disease.

TMC5

IL13 (Interleukin 13): IL13 is a cytokine involved in regulating immune responses, especially in allergic inflammation and asthma. It plays a crucial role in modulating antibody production and managing inflammatory reactions, particularly in allergic conditions and defense against parasitic infections.

IL13

MTR (5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine Methyltransferase): MTR is a key enzyme involved in the remethylation pathway of homocysteine metabolism. It catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) to homocysteine, producing methionine and tetrahydrofolate (THF). Methionine serves as a precursor for S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a universal methyl donor essential for various methylation reactions in the body, including DNA methylation, neurotransmitter synthesis, and histone modification. Proper MTR activity is crucial for maintaining normal homocysteine levels and supporting cellular methylation processes. Dysregulation of MTR, often caused by genetic mutations or deficiencies, can disrupt these critical functions.

GCK (Glucokinase): GCK is a gene that encodes the enzyme glucokinase, a key regulator of glucose metabolism in the body. Glucokinase catalyzes the first step of glucose processing in the liver and pancreatic beta cells. It acts as a glucose sensor, playing a vital role in detecting blood sugar levels, triggering insulin release, and maintaining overall glucose balance.

FGF10 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 10): FGF10 is a protein crucial for embryonic development, particularly in the formation of limbs and lungs. It plays a vital role in the proliferation and differentiation of cells within these tissues. Mutations in FGF10 can lead to developmental disorders such as lung aplasia.

FGF10

CATSPER2 (cation channel, sperm-associated 2): CATSPER2 is crucial for sperm motility and fertility, as it is part of the complex calcium channel in sperm necessary for the hyperactivated motility required for fertilization. Mutations in CATSPER2 can result in male infertility due to impaired sperm function. Research on CATSPER2 offers insights into reproductive health and potential targets for contraception or infertility treatment.

CATSPER2

MTAP (Methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase): MTAP is an enzyme involved in the methionine salvage pathway, recycling methylthioadenosine produced during polyamine synthesis. It plays a crucial role in nucleotide and polyamine metabolism, supporting cell growth and differentiation. Loss of MTAP is common in several cancers and is associated with poor prognosis, making it a potential therapeutic target because of its significance in metabolic pathways essential for cell survival.

MTAP

CTRC (Chymotrypsin C) is a gene that produces an enzyme involved in digesting proteins within the pancreas. This enzyme plays a role in regulating digestive functions, and mutations in CTRC have been associated with chronic pancreatitis — a disease characterized by ongoing inflammation and damage to the pancreas. Understanding CTRC is crucial for researching pancreatic health and related conditions.

CTRC

TSPAN3 (Tetraspanin 3): TSPAN3 encodes a member of the tetraspanin protein family, which plays a role in cell adhesion, signaling, and membrane organization. Tetraspanins are involved in various cellular processes, including immune cell activation and cancer metastasis.

TSPAN3

PFKL (Phosphofructokinase, Liver Type): PFKL is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in glycolysis — the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into energy. It is vital for glucose metabolism and energy production, especially in the liver, where it facilitates glucose utilization and storage.

PFKL

MAT1A (Methionine Adenosyltransferase I, Alpha) is an enzyme that produces S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), the body’s main methyl donor for essential metabolic processes. It plays a key role in methionine metabolism, affecting gene regulation, cell growth, and detoxification. Reduced MAT1A activity is associated with liver conditions such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

MAT1A

SERPINA7 (Thyroxine-binding globulin, TBG): SERPINA7 is a carrier protein primarily produced in the liver that circulates in the bloodstream. It binds and transports thyroid hormones — mainly thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) — ensuring their stable levels and delivery to tissues. This glycoprotein is essential for regulating the distribution of thyroid hormones, which affect metabolism, growth, and development. Changes in SERPINA7 levels or mutations in its gene can impact hormone availability and thyroid-related functions.

SERPINA7

BNIP5 (BCL2/Adenovirus E1B 19 kDa Interacting Protein 5): BNIP5 is a protein involved in regulating apoptosis and cell survival. It interacts with members of the Bcl-2 family — key proteins that control cell death and survival — and plays an important role in research on cancer development and cellular stress responses.

BNIP5

GLIS1 (GLIS Family Zinc Finger 1): GLIS1 is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression in various tissues, including the reproductive system and skin. It plays a role in reprogramming somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells, highlighting its potential applications in regenerative medicine.

GLIS1

STAC (SH3 and Cysteine-Rich Domain): STAC is a protein—specifically STAC3 in humans—that plays a crucial role in skeletal muscle contraction. It is essential for excitation–contraction coupling, the process that connects electrical signals to muscle movement. Mutations in the STAC3 gene can cause Native American myopathy, a rare congenital disorder characterized by muscle weakness, skeletal abnormalities, and an increased risk of malignant hyperthermia. Research on STAC3 is important for understanding muscle physiology and related diseases.

STAC 

MORC2 (Microrchidia 2): MORC2 is a gene that encodes a protein from the MORC family. These proteins are involved in epigenetic regulation, DNA damage repair, and transcriptional control. MORC2 has various functions that impact multiple cellular processes.

MORC2

MTMR7 (Myotubularin Related Protein 7): MTMR7 is a member of the myotubularin enzyme family that regulates cellular lipid levels, especially phosphoinositides. It plays a crucial role in intracellular signaling and trafficking. Changes in MTMR7 function can impact processes such as autophagy and endocytosis and have been associated with research on neurodegenerative diseases.

MTMR7

STK32A (Serine/Threonine Kinase 32A): STK32A is a gene that encodes a serine/threonine kinase—an enzyme that modifies proteins by adding phosphate groups. These kinases play key roles in cellular processes such as signaling, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis. The specific functions of STK32A are still being studied, with research focusing on its role in cell regulation and possible connections to diseases like cancer.

STK32A

CERS6, also known as Ceramide Synthase 6, is an enzyme that plays a key role in the biosynthesis of ceramides—essential components of cell membranes and important signaling molecules in cellular processes. Located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), CERS6 catalyzes the formation of ceramides by attaching fatty acid acyl-CoA to sphingoid bases. It is specifically involved in the production of ceramides with various acyl chain lengths and degrees of saturation, which affect their biophysical properties and cellular functions.

CERS6

PHYHIPL (Phytanoyl-CoA 2-Hydroxylase Interacting Protein-Like): PHYHIPL is a protein associated with the peroxisomal degradation pathway, especially in the metabolism of branched-chain fatty acids and bile acid intermediates. It contributes to lipid metabolism and the maintenance of cellular lipid balance. While its exact functions are still being defined, PHYHIPL may play a role in metabolic disorders related to disrupted lipid processing.

PHYHIPL

PPP2R3C (Protein Phosphatase 2 Regulatory Subunit B''Gamma): PPP2R3C is a gene that encodes a regulatory subunit of the protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) complex. PP2A is a serine/threonine phosphatase involved in regulating cell growth and division. PPP2R3C modulates PP2A activity, impacting key signaling pathways related to cellular stress responses, DNA damage repair, and apoptosis. Its function is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and controlling cell cycle checkpoints.

COPB1

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